How many types of xpath are there?

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 In Selenium, there are mainly two types of XPath used for locating elements: 1. Absolute XPath: This XPath starts from the root node and follows the complete path to the element. It is highly specific and is dependent on the structure of the HTML document. Example: /html/body/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/span 2. Relative XPath: This XPath starts from any element in the HTML document (not necessarily from the root). It is more flexible and commonly used because it is less likely to break if the structure of the page changes slightly. Example: //div[@class='example'] Additionally, XPath can be classified by the type of syntax used for selecting elements: Attribute-based XPath: Selects elements based on their attributes (e.g., id, class, name, etc.). Example: //input[@name='username'] Text-based XPath: Selects elements based on their text content. Example: //button[text()='Submit'] Contains() function: Allows partial matching of attributes or text. Example: //a[contains(@...
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Sample Questions for ISTQB (SET-1)

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Sample  Questions for ISTQB 



1. Which one of the following answers describes a test condition?

a) A distinguishing characteristic of a component or system 
b) A testable aspect of a component or system identified as a basis for testing
c) The degree to which a software product provides functions which meet stated and implied needs when the software is used under specified conditions
d) Test cases designed to execute combinations of conditions and actions resulting from them.


2. Which of the following statements is a valid objective for testing? 

a) The test should start as late as possible so that development had enough time to create a good product 
b) To validate whether the test object works as expected by the users and other stakeholders 
c) To prove that all possible defects are identified 
d) To prove that any remaining defects will not cause any failures 

3. Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between testing and debugging?

a) Testing identifies the source of defects; debugging analyzes the defects and proposes prevention activities 
b) Dynamic testing shows failures caused by defects; debugging eliminates the defects, which are the source of failures 
c) Testing removes faults; but debugging removes defects that cause the faults 
d) Dynamic testing prevents the causes of failures; debugging removes the failures 

4.Which one of the statements below describes the most common situation for a failure discovered during testing or in production? 

a) The product crashed when the user selected an option in a dialog box 
b) The wrong version of a compiled source code file was included in the build 
c) The computation algorithm used the wrong input variables 
d) The developer misinterpreted the requirement for the algorithm

5. Mr. Test has been testing software applications on mobile devices for a period of 5 years. He has a wealth of experience in testing mobile applications and achieves better results in a shorter time than others. Over several months, Mr. Test did not modify the existing automated test cases and did not create any new test cases. This leads to fewer and fewer defects being found by executing the tests. What principle of testing did Mr. Test not observe?

a) Testing depends on the environment 
b) Exhaustive testing is not possible 
c) Repeating of same tests will not find new defects 
d) Defects cluster together

6. In what way can testing be part of Quality Assurance? 

a) It ensures that requirements are detailed enough 
b) Testing reduces the risk of poor software quality 
c) It ensures that standards in the organization are followed 
d) It measures the quality of software in terms of number of executed test cases

7. Which of the following activities is part of the main activity "test analysis" in the test process?

a) Identifying any required infrastructure and tools 
b) Creating test suites from test scripts 
c) Analyzing lessons learned for process improvement 
d) Evaluating the test basis for testability

8. Match the following test work products (1-4) with the right description (A-D).
 
1. Test suite 
2. Test case 
3. Test script 
4. Test charter 
A. A set of test scripts to be executed in a specific test run 
B. A set of instructions for the execution of a test 
C. Contains expected results 
D. Documentation of test activities in session-based exploratory testing 

a) 1A, 2C, 3B, 4D
b) 1D, 2B, 3A, 4C 
c) 1A, 2C, 3D, 4B 
d) 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A

9. How can white-box testing be applied during user acceptance testing? 

a) To check if large volumes of data can be transferred between integrated systems 
b) To check if all code statements and code decision paths have been executed 
c) To check if all work process flows have been covered 
d) To cover all web page navigations 

10.Which of the following statements comparing component testing and system testing is TRUE?

 a) Component testing verifies the functionality of software modules, program objects, and classes that are separately testable, whereas system testing verifies interfaces between components and interactions between different parts of the system
 b) Test cases for component testing are usually derived from component specifications, design specifications, or data models, whereas test cases for system testing are usually derived from requirement specifications or use cases 
c) Component testing only focuses on functional characteristics, whereas system testing focuses on functional and non-functional characteristics 
d) Component testing is the responsibility of the testers, whereas system testing typically is the responsibility of the users of the system

11.Which one of the following is TRUE? 

a) The purpose of regression testing is to check if the correction has been successfully implemented, while the purpose of confirmation testing is to confirm that the correction has no side effects 
b) The purpose of regression testing is to detect unintended side effects, while the purpose of confirmation testing is to check if the system is still working in a new environment 
c) The purpose of regression testing is to detect unintended side effects, while the purpose of confirmation testing is to check if the original defect has been fixed
 d) The purpose of regression testing is to check if the new functionality is working, while the purpose of confirmation testing is to check if the original defect has been fixed

12. Which one of the following is the BEST definition of an incremental development model? 

a) Defining requirements, designing software and testing are done in phases where in each phase a piece of the system is added 
b) A phase in the development process should begin when the previous phase is complete
c) Testing is viewed as a separate phase which takes place after development has been completed
d) Testing is added to development as an increment 

13. Which of the following should NOT be a trigger for maintenance testing? 

a) Decision to test the maintainability of the software 
b) Decision to test the system after migration to a new operating platform 
c) Decision to test if archived data is possible to be retrieved 
d) Decision to test after “hot fixes” 

14.Which of the following options are roles in a formal review? 

a) Developer, Moderator, Review leader, Reviewer, Tester 
b) Author, Moderator, Manager, Reviewer, Developer 
c) Author, Manager, Review leader, Reviewer, Designer 
d) Author, Moderator, Review leader, Reviewer, Scribe

15.Which activities are carried out within the planning of a formal review?
 
a) Collection of metrics for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the review 
b) Answer any questions the participants may have 
c) Definition and Verification of fulfillment of entry criteria for the review 
d) Evaluation of the review findings against the exit criteria

16.Which of the review types below is the BEST option to choose when the review must follow a formal process based on rules and checklists? 

a) Informal Review
b) Technical Review 
c) Inspection 
d) Walkthrough 

17.Which of the following statements about static testing are MOST true?

a) Static testing is a cheap way to detect and remove defects 
b) Static testing makes dynamic testing less challenging 
c) Static testing makes it possible to find run-time problems early in the lifecycle
d) When testing safety-critical system, static testing has less value because dynamic testing finds the defects better

18.Which one of the following options is categorized as a black-box test technique? 

a) A technique based on analysis of the architecture
b) A technique checking that the test object is working according to the detailed design
c) A technique based on the knowledge of past faults, or general knowledge of failures
d) A technique based on formal requirements

19.The following statement refers to decision coverage: “When the code contains only a single ‘if’ statement and no loops or CASE statements, and its execution is not nested within the test, any single test case we run will result in 50% decision coverage.” Which of the following statement is correct? 

a) The statement is true. Any single test case provides 100% statement coverage and therefore 50% decision coverage
 b) The statement is true. Any single test case would cause the outcome of the “if” statement to be either true or false 
c) The statement is false. A single test case can only guarantee 25% decision coverage in this case 
d) The statement is false. The statement is too broad. It may be correct or not, depending on the tested software

20. Which one of the following is the description of statement coverage? 

a) It is a metric, which is the percentage of test cases that have been executed 
b) It is a metric, which is the percentage of statements in the source code that have been executed 
c) It is a metric, which is the number of statements in the source code that have been executed by test cases that are passed 
d) It is a metric, that gives a true/false confirmation if all statements are covered or not 






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